Case studies of how ICT is changing society

2018-04-17

ICT and Industry."

Omnibus lectures with guest lecturers from companies that are innovating in the industry

Students attending the course are mainly graduate students of the Graduate School of Economics

On a PC, you can Start Presentation from the note icon on the right.

https://gyazo.com/9e04ce553ccbe8f0b4ba226d7a58fde7

Case studies of how ICT is changing society

Omnibus Lecture "ICT and Industry", Graduate School of Economics and Graduate School of Economics, The University of Tokyo, 2nd@2018-04-17

Senior Researcher, Cybozu Labs/Specific Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology

B-Ploud Technical Advisor / Director, Unexplored Incorporated Association

Doctor of Science / Master of Technology Management (Professional) NISHIO Hirokazu

https://gyazo.com/7a6e6576a206187ee2415033c549e191

Facebook private group 2

After-sales service after class

(share lecture materials, supplement, answer questions, etc.)

A Facebook group has been created for

https://gyazo.com/ea8982860a45568f6a1df886260fdc62

Self Introduction 3

Experimenting with my own work style

Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Director, General Incorporated Association MUTOH

B-Ploud Technical Advisor

Senior Researcher, Cybozu Labs

https://gyazo.com/cf78bf843bf9cc1ff433a8b46d9615d8

Book 4

https://gyazo.com/c322e18532cb58c5138657f182c3a7bc

Technologies Supporting Coding 5

Launched in 2013

Focus on knowledge that is less likely to become obsolete

Five years later, it's still selling.

https://gyazo.com/ea208b30f5f97d6dd502cc646d5ff329

For elementary school students 6

Co-author with Mr. Kawai (a colleague) of "30 Days to Build Your Own OS! Co-author with Mr. Kawai (a colleague) of "Introduction to OS Homebrew".

A book like "The Technology Behind Coding" for elementary school students.

Released 2018-03-28

https://gyazo.com/fb0eb8a7080887d081bea53823d47133

Specified Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology 7

School of Environmental and Social Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Innovation Science

Associate Professor, Professional Degree Program in Technology Management

Social changes brought about by ICT technology

(especially changes in organizational structure and the nature of intelligence) are of interest!

https://gyazo.com/847215778666f9c389a4361408e952f0

Director of General Incorporated Association Unexplored 8

-What is unexplored?

-What is a General Incorporated Association?

-What is a director?

https://gyazo.com/1aadc1929d3eb1503ccc2f7149e501ba

What is an unexplored project?　 9

Independent Administrative Institutions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan (IPA)

Identification and development of outstanding IT human resources

Over 1600 graduates as of 2000

Excavation alone will dissipate. We need a nuke.

https://gyazo.com/578a5b1cdbf076911241f2e4923e7914

General Incorporated Association Unexplored 10

In 2014, we will focus on graduates of the Unexplored

With the cooperation and support of various people

General Incorporated Association "Mito" is established.

Directors and Auditors:.

What is a General Incorporated Association?

Corporations that have eliminated the right to distribute profits from joint-stock companies (and instead pay lower taxes).

What is a board member?

A position in charge of corporate decision-making (director in the case of a stock company)

Mr. Kuchii of the 4th is not a board member due to his day job, but he has been advising us on the management of the program.

https://gyazo.com/306682ad106ac5be8a1d9ab7ffca1ad8

11

https://gyazo.com/b6ae093d0eecb631fc07676ec7b3c504

Purpose of General Incorporated Association Unexplored 12

Cross-industry network of creative talent

↓

IT-centered innovation

https://gyazo.com/29889d70dbb7a4bdb8edfba391b93927

Collaboration with Unexplored for the Development of the Japanese Economy 13

2017, at the "Unexplored Night" event hosted by Unexplored, Inc,

Opening remarks by METI Minister Seko to the effect that he would like to collaborate with METI and MEXT.

Minister Seko: "As the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, we are not merely supporting the project,

I hope we can work together and inspire each other to do our best."

Yoichi Ochiai, "Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Seko, in his opening remarks at the "Unexplored Night.

Elimination of Age Limit and Expansion of Budget for Unexplored,.

On regulation and deregulation to foster entrepreneurial soil

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) has announced that it will work on this issue.

https://gyazo.com/9e9d7c4fadcddce036892ea5f123f1f0

Self Introduction 14

Half done.

-Specific Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology

-Mitusi Corporation, Director of General Incorporated Association

Technical Advisor, B-Ploud

-Senior Researcher, Cybozu Labs, Inc.

https://gyazo.com/83cfcf16e89a22a96c75ba076876efdd

B-Ploud Technical Advisor 15

https://gyazo.com/9ad980597d7de6ed1acd3d63a5ff256c

Supervision of PyQ Machine Learning Course 16

Learn machine learning from scratch, even for beginners, under the supervision of Nishio.

https://gyazo.com/dd4565752444ccee8ae74d5867a78896

See also: "From if Statements to Machine Learning." 17

For audiences that are not familiar with machine learning,

A talk on the ground by going step by step between if statements and machine learning was sponsored by B-Ploud.

Points to keep in mind when using machine learning in practice in the second half.

Since its release in September 2017,

Over 80,000 views of popular lecture materials

https://gyazo.com/70e0dcff6576cb2d1b95711c8f2e46e4

B-Ploud's coverage of duplicate work 18

https://gyazo.com/065f99aa13a9e5662e8f3fe2331d9b77

Dual jobs speed up the learning process 19

https://gyazo.com/876edf40afabfd1a82d25dcb98594097

Senior Researcher, Cybozu Labs 20

Research department of a company called Cybozu

Medium- to long-term research and development at "Cybozu Labs

D. in 2007, and after a one-year post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Tokyo, he joined the company as a new graduate or a mid-career employee, I'm not sure.

https://gyazo.com/41702c092a4cb10f7264b48b387df40c

What is Cybozu? 　21

What kind of company is "Cybozu" that allows its employees to do this kind of double work?

https://gyazo.com/1aaf339265aea98d0befc4e8f24cd82a

22 when I looked at their website to introduce them.

What kind of company is this?

https://gyazo.com/77993d307bf1c3f01db6b2e2808921c4

We make a product called kintone... 23

You may have seen it in the ads in Tokyo Station and other places.

But maybe "Kintone" and "Cybozu" are not connected?

https://gyazo.com/77231f433a363ccc3c57af182fc11644

In all seriousness, let me explain 24

-20 years in business (listed in 2000, TSE First Section since '06)

-No.1 share of the domestic groupware market (11 consecutive years)

-Over 10,000 companies and 350,000 people use the cloud (cybozu.com) alone.

←Cloud

←Cloud

https://gyazo.com/6d1143c336fcec26a8b21fda6fbc0ab2

Global Expansion 25

San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York

Shanghai, Shenzhen, Taiwan, Ho Chi Minh City, Singapore

Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar India, Sydney

https://gyazo.com/18a0af1ef539bec807e145b4108d3c83

Platform　 26

Japanese companies have not been able to create a platform,

Is there any debate as to why?

https://gyazo.com/561fd0390f10d5cc2c60cc0b8fab1aad

https://gyazo.com/8254de4404fcf2931adef4de200e31fe

Platform 28

-A report by Gartner Inc. of America

•aPaaS(application platform as a service)

-One of the major enterprise vendors and the only Japanese company to be listed.

https://gyazo.com/2a8858d2b8ca7191db3597680c78be62

Platform 29

https://gyazo.com/84ae440d588e64ad2123ddc1dfaebec8

Platform 30

-kintone, a cloud-native web application development platform

-2017 addition to the Enterprise High Productivity Application Platform

-Named one of the 14 leading vendors by Gartner

https://gyazo.com/438fecc2f5cb686deb9548b91c15666f

Facts and Interpretations 31

-Cybozu internally emphasizes the distinction between fact and interpretation.

-It is true that there are people who interpret "Japanese companies are not able to create platforms" in this way.

-Gartner interpreted "Cybozu is one of the 14 major vendors that make the Platform". It is true that they are publicly announcing this.

-Whether you are in fact creating a Platform depends on the definition of Platform. I am not going to argue. I will present concrete facts.

https://gyazo.com/9ed09fbd7bf585beec2abca769a1c673

Case Study: IRODORI System 32

-In the depopulated and aging town of Kamikatsu, the leaf business, a "garnish" of Japanese cuisine, has annual sales of less than 300 million yen, and one grandmother earns 10 million yen a year.

-The elderly harvest and ship "leaves" using tablets and PCs to monitor the national market.

https://gyazo.com/80fbd52399d9cb78d7f4837ed9be1249

33

https://gyazo.com/8b08524e43b84f54f5896bbd7d68db09

The Birth of Markets through Information Systems 34

-Information systems have facilitated the distribution of information.

-Timely production by immediately communicating demand information to suppliers.

-Timely production increases demand.

-Positive feedback occurred and a $300 million market was born.

https://gyazo.com/5969a8c7eceb8281923e7a3a4a3b4257

Case Study: Miura City Agricultural Cooperative's Dispatch Scheduling System 35

https://gyazo.com/f17726d8a4581204938ec51f088a8a62

The amazing evolution that took place at the Miura City Agricultural Cooperative, which "reduced eight hours of shipping work to one second.

https://gyazo.com/fd27f971f30942a4ae49b4266bc3401f

Algorithm eliminates 8H work 37

- "Preparing delivery schedules for shipments, which is one of the most troublesome tasks in agricultural cooperatives."

- "A task that used to take eight hours a day takes only one second."

- "proprietary algorithms."

I created this algorithm.

The amazing evolution that took place at the Miura City Agricultural Cooperative, which "reduced eight hours of shipping work to one second.

https://gyazo.com/f87bf625d3d5a1b726c578aa1236c2f4

What is "Create Delivery Schedule" 38

- "Knowing the quantity of shipments that will be shipped from the farmers the next day,

We determine the quantity of shipments for each destination, such as a market, and how the cargo is to be divided among the trucks of which carriers."

-The creation of a dispatch schedule takes 8 hours for a mid-level staff member and 56 hours for a seasoned veteran.

-Young staffer: "I can't do this as well as I should."

The amazing evolution that took place at the Miura City Agricultural Cooperative, which "reduced eight hours of shipping work to one second.

https://gyazo.com/0dcb761f966841ed571e7b356a74887d

-Some people use the phrase "AI will take away jobs" with a negative nuance.

-This time it took away 8 hours of work a day, enough for approximately one human being...

-Mr. Masayoshi Iijima, assistant general manager of the cooperative's sales department, said, "The biggest thing is the reduction in working hours. I am hopeful that it will reduce the workload of the staff and that they will be able to use their free time more efficiently for sales and other activities.

https://gyazo.com/1d4cfb8a226efc39277fe55394ff8a54

Population Pyramid 40

Source: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

https://gyazo.com/81aa595a870f2813faaa5d2cedf44575

Population Change 41

I and the generation younger than me grew up in an environment where the number of people was reduced every year.

https://gyazo.com/29a52770804e3646f73075d070deb0d0

1 in 7 will disappear 42

Over the next 15 years, the population in its 20s will decline by one in seven.

https://gyazo.com/f2cdefc4941aa7a700f88c9e6b65dfeb

When one in seven people disappear... 43

The work we are doing now with our 7-person team,

If the age structure of the team remains the same, in 15 years we will have to do it with 6 people.

If workload remains the same, workload per person will increase by 17%.

A person working 20 days x 8 hours per month would have a 17% increase in work, +27 hours per month.

Overtime +1 hour every day or -3 days off every month

https://gyazo.com/8db3e3aa4220c64a7358fbf36db1db9c

What is status quo 44

The "same way we've always done our jobs" is not the status quo.

The human load will increase and work will not get done.

To keep the work turning around without further increasing the human burden,

One in seven jobs will need to be "taken by AI.

https://gyazo.com/2fc7776a41178a84cb34d9a3b9c80c2b

1 in 3 gone 45

In the 15 years since 2000, one in three has disappeared.

I should have been "out of a job" sooner.

Lamenting the past is futile, so we do it now in a big hurry!

https://gyazo.com/84203e714abc3da2c5b3b761fb9aced0

What is the bottleneck?　 46

https://gyazo.com/d5713edfd11986c134498eeec96a818a

What is the bottleneck?　 47

-No data.

-Data not digitized.

-Even if the data is digitized, it's not pretty enough to use for analysis.

https://gyazo.com/85eeafd3f1b0a200ac9017400b7a47dc

Differences between machine learning competitions and the real world 48

Machine learning in machine learning competitions (such as Kaggle)

Neatly organized and ample amount of data -> machine learning -> results

Machine Learning in the Real World

Data collection → cleanly organized and sufficient amount of data → machine learning → results

https://gyazo.com/b89645ccbbc4079461568d4f2e41fdef

Mechanism for obtaining clean data 49

A mechanism to obtain clean data is needed.

When lecturing to information students, you should

The real world is largely made up of people, and computer programs are only a small part of the mix.

but this is the economics department, so you know what I mean, right?

https://gyazo.com/ace58c84599ce4d0d9661ec72a3eae0c

Incentives are needed 50

-Mouthing the words, "We need data," doesn't make data collection go any further, because it's more work.

-If eight hours of work is reduced to a fraction of a second and work is reduced, then people will spend more time collecting data.

-This will begin to gather data.

Data collection -> enough data neatly organized -> solve -> results -> back to data collection

https://gyazo.com/e91815df910a24ed7eb747f3089f5831

Bad Cycle 51

-Clean data is a management resource.

-but those who don't have the resources don't get value from them.

-As a result, investments that use other resources, such as people and time, to have that resource appear unattractive.

https://gyazo.com/13f852f16b45761ca1665fff8f1f4486

Good Cycle 52

-Create incentives for data collection

-Begin to collect data

-Accumulated data generates tangible value.

-Increase in value of data collection = incentive

https://gyazo.com/c8a3d9cdeee3d240636050a0ad370acd

Mental models of incremental growth 53

-Do not try to create a finished product from the beginning, but rather "plant seeds" that can grow into a large product in the future.

-Small start: Smaller first steps make it easier for customers to take the first step.

- "Minimum viable product" (MVP)*.

Eric Ries, "The Lean Startup."

https://gyazo.com/6f4adb7c9520393fc05b99c916b41651

Summary so far 54

-Information distribution creates value.

-Accumulation of information creates value.

-In both cases, start small and grow big.

https://gyazo.com/bb27349299809104d5e0fa0a94486670

Organizational Structural Changes with ICT 55

Once we've gotten to this point, we've foreshadowed the story.

Here's something else to consider.

https://gyazo.com/f1350516d05fc013149d19d971c65609

What is groupware?　 56

https://gyazo.com/554553676509245ad2d46f43c3c35719

What is groupware? 　57

Group + Software

Software for use by multiple people.

https://gyazo.com/1deb4809e44e3e808048e26622b6cb43

What is it used by more than one person for?　 58

https://gyazo.com/17e38ebf828715aaa619dc76fa683632

What is it used by more than one person for? 　59

Information Distribution

Accumulation of information

https://gyazo.com/dede2f6e4ba5ce6c2dd3ad4b770c4642

Information Accumulation and Distribution 60

In the place (space) called "2018 New Employees" on kintone that Cybozu uses

This year's new employees write about various things on a daily basis, and other employees comment and "like" them.

I was in Cybozu Office on April 3, 2007 at 16:55.

I created a place (bulletin board) called "Nishio's own thing" and started to write various things on my own.

Then there have been 22376 posts so far.

It is also possible to connect from here and now to see what a new employee (me) was thinking every day 10 years ago.

https://gyazo.com/b75f14686f23b0e0399a796e5cc58217

Organizational Structural Changes with ICT 61

Information distribution and information accumulation occur with the introduction of groupware.

In considering what effect this will have, let's compare it to the past for a moment.

https://gyazo.com/e2029e31afdb0e9939ecb1ef8df7486f

Thought experiment: communicating information to a large group of people 62

Large-scale organized agriculture was practiced in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.

Mesopotamia uses a lunar calendar, and the calendar and seasons do not correspond well.

In order for a large number of farmers to sow their seeds at the correct time

We need to get information from people who can observe astronomy to a large number of farmers. How can we do this?

https://gyazo.com/e5fa81c16e7ef9f1259a1c6590803c93

Thought experiment: communicating information to a large group of people 63

The amount of information that a human being can process in a unit of time was the bottleneck of communication.

To make it easier to understand what this situation brings

Let's take the constraint to the extreme and assume that "one person can only interact with four people".

How can information be communicated to a large number of people under these conditions?

https://gyazo.com/afa3723a52d457c8a056abd48db645c4

Tree structure generation 64

Put in place a "middle manager" who receives information from one person and communicates it to three people.

https://gyazo.com/eed3781b4c0bf505ea0ff5837c22a5ac

Role assignment by hierarchy 65

A) Those who decide "what to do" (when, what and how to do it)

B) Those who tell you exactly what they "do".

C) People who do exactly what they are "supposed" to do.

The person at the top decides what to do, and the person in the middle accurately communicates it,

Mental model of a "hierarchical organization" that is executed precisely by the people at the end of the line.

https://gyazo.com/bd027047a0694586d6a1f8b607a68395

Improved information transfer 66

Right now I'm communicating to about 50 people.

Gathering at the same place at the same time allows for more efficient communication than talking to each person individually.

Even ancient Rome used to communicate information through speeches.

Microphones and speakers allow the message to be conveyed to an even greater number of people.

Adolf Hitler could reach more than 1,000 people by using a microphone.

https://gyazo.com/701d073d81ae501724958b5617b1f226

Eliminate location restrictions 67

You don't have to be in the same place if you relay the video.

Cybozu has offices in Osaka and Shanghai, though,

Monthly company-wide events can be video-streamed and viewed from remote locations.

Historically, synchronous media without location restrictions came in the form of radio and television, and then the dramatic decrease in communication costs due to the Internet made it possible to broadcast video without a TV station.

https://gyazo.com/d77a9a33ae3175495015988cea0ecf2f

Eliminate time limits 68

If you put the videos on a server, you can watch them whenever you want.

The "at the same time" constraint is also eliminated. Communication is possible even when times do not coincide.

Moreover, it accumulates.

Of course, before the video servers, there were forms of posting "gochisho," which used text, and extra newspapers.

https://gyazo.com/c42744d973326acf6cc7876be12eb18d

Lower cost of information dissemination 69

-Video broadcasts are expensive in terms of equipment and manpower, but low-cost in terms of information dissemination through text.

-Information dissemination increases by creating a place where anyone can disseminate information without complicated procedures.

-The proliferation of smartphones with cameras makes it easy to attach photos and videos.

Who doesn't know about Twitter?

https://gyazo.com/040e5420cfadbb6be93ccd097b072130

Summary so far 70

Hierarchical organization was beneficial in communicating information on a large scale in situations where information and communication technology was not yet developed.

Advances in information and communication technology have lowered the cost of information transmission and dissemination.

https://gyazo.com/7e765a045ea21bc1dbb4f83aa539e614

Is it normal?　 71

I was a college student in 2000,

Students had group chats with each other via the Internet and would discuss late into the night before reports were due.

I suspect that today's students are also using some tool to distribute similar information.

These information distribution tools were commonplace when people who are 20 years old now can remember.

I was ICQ and Yahoo Messenger, but now it's Line or Slack?

https://gyazo.com/9981e6b5d60d7fd71d411b87caa885eb

About 25 years ago 72

Launched in 1992

"Email as it is currently used generally allows only text to be sent."

About the time when authors affiliated with NTT's research laboratories began to experimentally experience file attachments.

Fumio Mizoguchi and Kiyoyoshi Kosai, "Intellectual Production Technology for Teams."

https://gyazo.com/d925ed67c308b9179d9429e0da13219a

About 25 years ago 73

Advanced ICT use cases introduced by this book (DTP)

Manuscripts can be submitted directly by e-mail for convenience.

-Files cannot be attached, so please fax the guerra to me.

-Picture submissions are sent by mail due to lack of image quality with fax.

The Team's Intellectual Production Techniques."

https://gyazo.com/deed331626581e80330872c4717a0a35

The tools have changed. The rules? 　74

Organizations that were already large 25 years ago had the technical capabilities of the time.

They had the organizational structure and rules at that point to manage a large group of people.

Have the rules been improved to keep pace with advances in information and communication technology and tools?

https://gyazo.com/c3b8ccfdbf833414a36f730dd4f34b6e

Is this normal? 　75

-Have a child.

-Cannot work 8 hours a day to raise children.

-so I'm retiring.

https://gyazo.com/9efb59a396df851b1cee40fde1d71d0a

-Have a child 76

-Cannot work 8 hours a day to raise children.

-so I'm retiring.

-upWhy!

https://gyazo.com/b42db04104ef46291a2befac146befa0

Not a matter of course 77

-We don't have enough people.

-It would be a waste if people who learned the business quit.

-If "I can't work 8 hours" is the reason, then the rule requiring an 8-hour workday is wrong.

-Why don't you take 6 years of shortened work hours, remote work, or parental leave, and come back when you're done? Isn't it natural to say, "Come back when you're done!

https://gyazo.com/760daa896dc359bba1e4c3f6997f9635

"If there are 100 people, there are 100 different ways to work. "78

https://gyazo.com/de83f6a460418daaea1e17ec1857ca0c

New Management Tasks 79

Management has removed the premise of "meeting at the same place for eight hours a day."

Instead of enforcing a one-size-fits-all rule

Understand the needs of each member and change the rules accordingly.

Human Systems Engineer" to redesign systems composed of humans.

https://gyazo.com/81df719e92040754477f8302cb0c5116

The "departmental wall" problem 80

Another problem with hierarchical organizations

Other departments are far away

https://gyazo.com/90dc0fc0af2c58928ab97965f3c7e5e6

Job Rotation 81

The old way of dealing with this problem was job rotation.

Regularly change workplaces and duties.

This allows for human networking with other departments.

https://gyazo.com/b9db8bcd739aaeb2bd8b53693ec93b7c

Concept of Access Rights 82

Why can't I have access to the information in the department next door?

The time when information was shared on paper,

If some of the information was not allowed to be shown to other departments, we had no choice but to prohibit access to all of it.

In the digital age, with access rights,

Only some parts of information that cannot be shown can be partially hidden.

https://gyazo.com/ffcb40513786c08797ce9b83a0881416

Access rights 83

Only a portion of the data can be made public or private.

To use a crude analogy, stick Google Spreadsheet on Google Forms,

It is like being able to set accessibility for people and departments for columns and rows.

https://gyazo.com/b01f452167c5ec5625ec97687b359935

Promoting Information Distribution through Access Rights 84

-Only the "not-to-be-seen" parts are hidden by setting access rights.

-Other than that, the entire company will be open to the public.

-Internal distribution of "information that does not need to be seen but can be seen" is facilitated.

https://gyazo.com/48e18dce4e41fd68e5d477d2118126f5

Case 1 85

The minutes of general managers' meetings and other meetings of Cybozu are

It is open to all employees with a few exceptions and anyone can add comments.

https://gyazo.com/63f130c2a0ba19096ad039350d3e24f3

Case 2 86

-My weekly reports in the research department are shared except for some non-public information.

-A certain Company A gave me a technical consultation and I reported it in my weekly report.

-Mr. B in the sales headquarters searches the full text of the groupware for Company A.

Discovered this and sent a message to me on groupware

https://gyazo.com/f151be5dafd6e575a4c7dc7bbe9520de

Case 3 87

-Mr. C in the sales headquarters searches the full text about Company D.

-Human resources data revealed that Ms. E had previously worked for Company D.

-E's knowledge could be put to good use.

https://gyazo.com/d847bfea4abfbe590cb91a78589e29ae

The Value of "Unexpected Combination" 88

-If you search without narrowing your subject with preconceived notions, you will get surprising information.

-It's hard to make these kinds of surprising discoveries when the information system is confined to a specific department.

-by hiding only "what needs to be hidden" and disclosing the rest to the entire company,

The distribution of information across departments is encouraged and creates value.

https://gyazo.com/9e35c4d0273112082ac216c5361c0c18

Casual information dissemination 89

-To promote the distribution of "information that does not need to be seen but can be seen,

Encouraging information dissemination - by having new employees write daily reports.

Make it a matter of course to "send out daily messages to the entire company on the groupware.

-by creating a place where you are allowed to write your own words,

Feel free to send out your thoughts company-wide - you never know in advance what will be useful later.

So encourage and encourage transmission regardless of content.

On the other hand, if you make it a rule that you must get permission from your supervisor before posting company-wide.

Casual information dissemination dies easily. Even if it is possible with tools, it dies with rules.

https://gyazo.com/779f4bb27206760f70c643e5b6f891ad

Summary so far 90

Rules need to advance as tools advance

-Management that does not make the assumption that "we gather in the same place 8 hours a day".

-Revealing all but the information that really needs to be hidden, rather than "all together private".

-encourages casual information dissemination

→What does this facilitate?

https://gyazo.com/9cf7b5ac0cc1ebd59e8161ef13ef180c

Multiple departments 91

-The casual dissemination of the work of other departments makes it easier for "hidden needs" to be discovered*.

-Easy to devote time to solving that need because it is not an "8-hour-a-day premise".

Multiple departments are more likely to be concurrently assigned to the same department.

*For example, a task that takes a full day every week in the accounting department may be viewed by an engineer in the development department as something that could be automated if he/she spent a day on it.

However, it is difficult for the accounting department to estimate the level of difficulty of that automation task, so it is difficult to make a formal request. →Appendix C

https://gyazo.com/4ce4eb63db9898723934cb51604f37bd

People are not a point but an expanse 92

Individual bridges multiple organizations

https://gyazo.com/94c77687c2243992aa40c7bbc5c42795

Individuals First, Organization Second 93

After more and more individuals to bridge,

Small individual-driven starts tend to happen first, although they can take the form of an "organization" after the fact.

https://gyazo.com/6e0489cb3a3794fc658c0d89b561386a

False dichotomy 94

-Is it a hierarchical organization? Not a hierarchical organization?"

Will hierarchical organizations disappear? No?" is a false dichotomy

-Individuals start small and work their way into the current hierarchical organizational structure.

Gradually more and more individuals do not fit the hierarchical classification.

-The "facts" of the organization are slowly moving away from the "interpretation" of a hierarchical organization.

https://gyazo.com/5c9d993c22b61d580ba6f29ed8b6daf0

Shortened working hours for childcare, etc. 95

Participating in external projects in a responsible capacity

This is also an individual bridging multiple projects

https://gyazo.com/6f02712d3aae448c821166c64208c446

Parallel Work 96

Participate in multiple companies and organizations

This is the same structure

https://gyazo.com/9c0138805451ae432fd589fe9ccf3ddd

Distribution of Knowledge 97

Different organizations have different knowledge distributions.

https://gyazo.com/a472611cd29b0c0fab7f78a46c2ba13a

Bridging organizations with different knowledge distributions 98

https://gyazo.com/d91d94d3f45102ad4f81bfc953fb1f52

Benefits of belonging to multiple organizations 99

Knowledge exchange requires you to have knowledge that those around you do not have

That there is more than one "perimeter"?

https://gyazo.com/096fbd4d5222312e20e44fec45153927

Knowledge exchange is possible in each organization 100

Give them this.

I'll take this.

Repeat this...

https://gyazo.com/07ede15abd4474ada95f023a98350aac

Human resources with knowledge of multiple disciplines 101

Also known as "serial specialists" or "pi-type human resources."

https://gyazo.com/d41f7953a8da1a0a10fba60c10352304

Parallel Work 102

Why do you practice parallel work?

Because I believe it is a strategy that is beneficial to me personally.

https://gyazo.com/c7feb378a98bc7be859b2244517b3766

Blue Ocean 103

There used to be jobs only around the axis.

Parallel work is now possible, creating a blue ocean in this area.

https://gyazo.com/f13d6a33aefb97a2eb5984262a5f060b

General Laboratory Mental Model 104

There is a laboratory in the university, as a subset.

Wouldn't this also benefit from parallelization?

https://gyazo.com/d874f5ab9f87c05482cd88cb2b67c900

Cross-organizational Virtual Laboratory 105

https://gyazo.com/65d014bfb10a0e0a1b1b45f6851aac56

Current implementation 106

-I created a private group on Facebook.

-this time, anyone who listens to this class can participate.

-Write a link to join later in the Facebook group for this class.

https://gyazo.com/b4f3ee06d37b2144a249806ac9045535

Summary so far 107

-Multiple departments concurrently and when the rules change as technology advances,

Facilitates participation in multiple internal and external projects

-not a flashy change like "no more hierarchical organization",

Starting small from the individual changes the way we work.

-Private Facebook groups across multiple organizations

You can make it casually. I actually made it, if you are interested.

https://gyazo.com/ebd9fbdd120b24096f682e7efaef3ac0

Rules are the product of negotiation 108

-The rules are only provisional because someone has negotiated and discussed and agreed to them in the past.

-The rules should change as circumstances change, but not "the company should change the rules."

-If you benefit from the rules changing, you are the mouthpiece for negotiation and discussion.

"Cybozu is a great company, I wish our company could be like them."

Even if you wait idly and complain in a bar, "Our management team is stupid," it will not change on its own.

https://gyazo.com/d1ca400518e90f4f4102b69c0638a99a

Jobs Likely to be Lost, Jobs Likely to Remain 109

A) Those who decide "what to do".

B) Those who tell you exactly what they "do".

C) People who do exactly what they are "supposed" to do.

Automation by machine is more advantageous than by humans for jobs that require precise execution of predetermined "to-do" tasks.

Work that accurately communicates "what to do" is better served by information and communication technology.

More people will do the work of deciding "what to do."

https://gyazo.com/1c6a0f21b269646807aae2d16fb60713

Summary so far 110

-Population is declining and machines need to take more human jobs.

-Rules need to change in line with the evolution of tools

-Increased need for work to determine "what to do

= Work to negotiate and discuss rule changes

https://gyazo.com/2d9e59c9cc016b402fc9e32a31c16b97

To sum it up in one word: 111

Let's negotiate a rule change.

https://gyazo.com/a4c68eb7591d27898c45fbb83f914de1

Appendix 112 below.

https://gyazo.com/0c9ef92fcf11a0ff5da1ae4eff41924a

Appendix A: Scale of the Miura City Problem 113

-21 shipping stations

-About 50 market locations

-About 40 crop varieties

-Broccoli, green radish, lady...

-Shipping about 600 tons a day - directing about 80 10-ton trucks.

Lady is a red radish (I didn't know that) that is used exclusively in salads.

https://gyazo.com/a6f164b4a3f4619775ba1f3d564fe564

Appendix B 114

Summarizing and communicating is still a human task.

We can draw out what is not in the language through observation and questioning.

https://gyazo.com/2d3dd6aa6042c0bef18ae903cfec03af

Appendix C: Submission and Resolution of Assignments 115

The "cost reduced by the resolution of the issue" for the department submitting the issue, and

The "cost of resolving the issue" for the department resolving the issue.

https://gyazo.com/d67dde731d58febaa261bd53608a0724

116

If the department submitting the issue is unable to ascertain the cost of resolving the issue, their own "reduced cost" is the greatest.

Determine which option is best. Local optimum

https://gyazo.com/a961c3178a65c7d60083bbf50b0f439b

117

When considering overall optimization

The preferred alternative is "small cost, big cost savings."

https://gyazo.com/38d369ffcf828f1ea03e7607f9f5466c

118

In fact, the cost of a certain amount of cost reduction increases as the problem grows.

In economics, is it called the "law of increasing marginal cost"?

In the words of an engineer, "As the number of elements in the system, N, increases.

The element interaction increases on the order of N^2".

https://gyazo.com/263a0d7e7306c50eca4b342f50e09fa0

Appendix D: Cybozu's Corporate Philosophy 119

Creating a society full of teamwork

https://gyazo.com/978b708d5e36c2c23b24521fbfa7acfa

Appendix E: Will ICT Take All the B-Level Jobs? 　120

In the main story, due to the volume of the book, it was expressed as if all of it was taken away, but of course that is not the case.

The transmission of a single input to a large number of people (left figure) is being replaced by information and communication technology,

Getting a lot of input and extracting only what needs to be conveyed (right figure) is still not enough.

https://gyazo.com/b3f735e7bebc427baa16af7bde1d2b67

Remaining needs 121

-Summarize many inputs to produce fewer outputs

-Understand the situation of the recipient of information and extract "information necessary for the recipient.

-Language of "information that has not yet been verbalized" is created through questions and observations,

These distribution-enabling needs have not been technically solved and will become increasingly important in the future.

https://gyazo.com/a261d4d2876b565b624b3a2740581abe

Output destination is not only on top 122

However, the person you tell may not always be your boss.

The increase in working across departments draws out information from Department A,

More needs to be summarized and communicated to department B.

https://gyazo.com/5e965f63d6b972ca2bd01dddd9fd2865

Appendix X: 123

MANABIYA Keynote Speech

I described the knowledge acquisition strategy in more detail here.

I have included the whole thing because it did not fit in this lecture due to its size.

Slide addition for publication: This was omitted.

Case studies of how ICT is changing society

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